---- ===== Gazelle ===== In 1892 Willem Kölling and Rudolf Arentsen founded Gazelle Bicycles in Dieren, the Netherlands. They started as importers of English bicycles and by 1902 opened their first Gazelle factory, soon becoming the largest manufacturer of Dutch bicycle and continuing to this day to produce 350,000 bicycles per year from the same location. Gazelle has produced over 16,000,000 bicycles in the past 132 years. In 1972 Gazelle was acquired by [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_Group|Tube Investments]]. Today, it is owned by [[https://pon.com/en/|Pon Holdings]], a Dutch company which also owns [[canon:start|Cannondale]], [[gt:start|GT]], [[mongoose:start|Mongoose]] [[schwinn:start|Schwinn]], as well as Cervelo, Focus, Juliana, Public, Santa Cruz and another dozen brands. Their first "off the Road" ATB debuted in 1984. Photos of their first few years of Gazelle ATBs are not to be found, other than in the [[https://archief.gazelle.nl/zoeken.php|Gazelle archives]], perhaps as the Netherlands is quite flat and has a strong culture of practical urban cycling, leading to very few Dutch mountain bikes being sold in the 1980s. Resources: * [[https://www.gazellebikes.com/en-gb/about-gazelle/history]] * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazelle_(bicycle_company)]] * [[https://archief.gazelle.nl/zoeken.php]] * [[https://www.gazellechampionmondial.nl/]] * [[https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/09/19/cycling-in-europe-which-countries-and-cities-are-the-most-and-least-bicycle-friendly]] * [[https://bikefair.org/nl/c/mountainbikes]] * [[http://www.rijwiel.net/gazellee.htm]] ===== Cycling Culture ===== The Netherlands has the strongest bicycling culture in the world. The Netherlands has highest numbers of commuters, bike paths, bike safety and societal acceptance. The stereotypical Dutch bike is the "bakfiets", a sturdy, practical [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_bike|cargo bike]], as cycling in the Netherlands isn't just fun, it replaces the family car for going to work, hauling the kids to school, or shopping at Ikea((The Netherlands has headquartered [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA|Ikea]] since 2013.)). A train station in Utrecht has a parking garage with a capacity for 12,500 bicycles, making it [[ https://www.utrecht.nl/city-of-utrecht/mobility/cycling/bicycle-parking/bicycle-parking-stationsplein|the world's largest bike parking garage]]. Some more stats: * 1.3 bicycles per capita. The highest in the world. The USA is at 0.31%. * 65% use a bike at least once a week. * 41% use a bike as their primary method of transportation 1.6% for the USA. * World's lowest cyclist fatality rate ((This is per cyclist. However, the Netherlands has a higher overall cyclist fatality rate than the US in the population at large. For example, the USA has 44 fatalities per billion miles cycled and the Netherlands has 10.7, which is the World's lowest. As there are so many cyclists in the Netherlands, this leads to more people per capita being killed on a bike than the US.)) * Cyclists in the USA are 17x more likely than the Netherlands to be killed per ride. * 20% of all paved roads are bike paths. 0.43% for the US. * 22,000 miles of bikes paths vs 87,000 miles of paved road for cars. The USA has 18,000 miles of bikes paths with over 4,100,000 miles of paved auto roads. Q: How do you spot a bicycle tourist in Holland? \\ A: They're the ones wearing a helmet. Cultural Resources: * [[https://discerningcyclist.com/bicycle-usage-statistics-by-country/]] * [[https://www.statista.com/statistics/1353329/cycling-frequency-worldwide/]] * [[https://www.boatbiketours.com/blog/10-reasons-why-cycling-in-the-netherlands-is-so-popular/]]

{{kolling.jpg?300|Willem Kölling, 1922}} \\ Willem Kölling, 1922 [[https://archief.gazelle.nl/detail.php?nav_id=3-1&index=2&imgid=13942256&id=13942164|gazelle.nl]] {{parade.jpg?300|Cargo bike parade, Nijmegen, 2015}} \\ Cargo bike parade, Nijmegen, 2015. [[https://www.holland-cycling.com/blog/245-a-celebration-of-cargo-bikes|holland-cycling]] \\ As part of the [[https://cargobikefestival.com/|International Cargo Bike Festival.]]

---- ===== 1984 Off the Road ===== Debuted in the March, [[https://www.gazellechampionmondial.nl/brochures.html|1984 price list]]. Reynolds 531 lugged frame, Campagnolo Nuovo Record Strada crankset, possibly Campy Rally Touring derailleurs (1982-83), SR slingshot stem, sliding saddle. The catalog states that it's a Campy touring gruppo. 1984 catalog shot.

{{1984.jpg?300|1984 Off the Road}} \\ 1984 Off the Road [[https://www.gazellechampionmondial.nl/brochures.html|gazellechampionmondial.nl]]

---- ===== 1985 Off the Road ===== The 1985 Off the Road uses nearly identical specs as the 1984 model, minus the bell and some stickers. Reynolds 531 lugged frame, possibly Campy Rally derailleurs. The Dutch 1985 price is DNG1995 == $635 ($1854 in 2024 dollars.)

{{1985.jpg?300|1985 Off the Road}} \\ 1985 Off the Road [[https://archief.gazelle.nl/detail.php?nav_id=0-1&index=14&imgid=14537202&id=14537109|gazelle.nl]]

---- ===== 1986 ATB ===== Shimano XT M700 v2 (1985) derailleurs, 600 EX cranks, Reynolds 531 lugged frame, sliding saddle. This same exact spec is used in the 1986, 1987 & 1988 catalogs, using nearly the same 1985 components.

{{1986.jpg?300|1986 ATB}} \\ 1986 ATB [[https://archief.gazelle.nl/detail.php?nav_id=0-1&index=7&imgid=11484275&id=11484187|gazelle.nl]]

---- ===== 1988 Instinct ===== Shimano RD-L541 (1987-89), TIG welded frame, u-brake rear, Ritchey Quad tires, Araya rims, not in standard catalog.

{{1988.jpg?300|1988 Instinct}} \\ 1988 Instinct [[ https://archief.gazelle.nl/detail.php?nav_id=0-1&index=4&imgid=11483862&id=11483772|gazelle.nl]]

---- ===== 1989 ATB Champion Mondial ===== Reynolds 531 lugged frame, equipped with full Campagnolo Euclid ??

{{1989.jpg?300|1989 ATB Champion Mondial }} \\ 1989 ATB Champion Mondial [[ https://forum.retromtb.pl/viewtopic.php?t=3019|retromtb.pl]]

---- ===== 1992 Instinct ===== Possibly Shimano Exage 500LX (1990-91). TIG welded.

{{1992.jpg?300|1992 Instinct}} \\ 1992 Instinct [[ https://mountainbikemuseum.nl/en/mountainbikes/gazelle-instinct-383| mountainbikemuseum.nl]]

---- ===== 1993 Formula ===== Not a mountain bike, as the forks can't handle fat tires. Reynolds 525 or 501 lugged frame. Not the same as their cross or road frames. They continue to make Champion Mondials through 1993.

{{1993.jpg?300|1993 Formula}} \\ 1993 Formula [[ https://www.rennrad-news.de/forum/threads/zuwachs-auf-der-gazelle-koppel.65249/page-126#post-3496018|rennrad-news.de]]